1 - On the Washington Consensus see Williamson, 1990, and Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994.
2 - See Hirata, Husson and Roldan, 1994, for a preliminary analysis of the application of this ideology in the case of Brazil, Mexico and Argentina.
3 - See Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994, and recent ECLA material on this topic.
4 - On the ISIET phase see Kosacoff and Azpiazu, 1989; Katz and Kosacoff, 1989; Kosacoff et al., 1993; Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994, among many others.
5 - As Cortes and Marshall, 1991 argue, between 1955-1973 a crucial objective of the economic policy was to get enough foreign earnings to import intermediate and capital goods necessary for manufacturing. To this end investment was promoted, and the entry of direct foreign investment was particularly facilitated. But the role of internal savings was not ignored. It was thought likely that savings would increase if the participation of the waged population within national income and public expenditures were reduced, and with a view to diminish the fiscal deficit and to fight inflation.
6 - See Katz and Kosacoff, 1989, and Kosacoff et al., 1993.
7 - See Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994.
8 - Ibid.
9 - My perspective on the links between the social intervention of the State and processes of accumulation in Argentina, in Sections 2 and 3, draws on the excellent essay by Cortes and Marshall, 1991. These authors conclusively show how the social intervention of the State in that are a is carried out through three main instruments: labor policies, including policies towards the labor market, in particular work legislation; State provision of goods , services and transferences; and social security.
10 - All in all, as Sourrouille, 1980 argues, this regime was very lax, as it did not establish any norms on minimum capital, previous experience, licence contract and the like Car makers only had to prove wide technical and financial capacity.
11 - For example, the Regime of 1971, intended the gradual reduction in the price of cars, making them accessible to lower income segments of the population, taking advantage ot economies of scale, and using national technology. It established the increasing local content of autoparts, a strict control of component imports, and required assemblers to complete minimum series of annual production in model renovation. Autopart firms were incorporated in this regime: licence contracts had to be registered, and exports of autoparts and automotives were promoted through tax returns of 50%.
12 - Foreign investors did not receive more favourable treatment that national subjects; they were not allow to enter certain areas; profit remittances were regulated; and as Sourrouille 1980, explains, a new normative set up for firms already in the country and other items of control were established.
13 - See Sourrouille, 1980, detailed analysis of this topic.
14 - See Catalano and Novick, 1995 on this topic.
15 - See Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994.
16 - However, liberalization, in a period of emergence of new economic groups in Argentina, was accompanied by selective regulation that included the promotion of industrial sectors intensive in natural resources, that benefited from special support. At first, the new policies raised the profitability of individual firms, but then the negative effects of opening up the economy became apparent: falls in output as import penetration grew, a fall in internal demand, unused capacity, and the dismantling of engineering and design facilities. On these topics see Azpiazu, Basualdo and Khavisse, 1986; Basualdo, 1987; Azpiazu and Basualdo, 1989; Kosacoff et. al, 1993.
17 - The economic policy was then based on short term stability plans to control inflation and equilibrate the balance of payments. In addition, it was thought that waged consumption was an obstacle to growth, given this sector's propensity to consume.Wage increases would also lead to further inflation. All these assumptions explain wage controls kept until 1988, a key aspect of the State intervention in the regulation of the labor market. Besides, collective negotiation by branch of activity and wage increases that could be translated to prices, were no longer allowed. This is a crucial difference in comparison with the ISIET phase.
18 - See Cortes and Marshall, 1991 for a detailed account of these processes.
19 - See Chudnovsky, Lopez and Porta, 1994 for an analysis of this topic.
20 - See Ibid, and Catalano and Novick, 1995.
21 - The ALADI, the Latin American Association for Economic Integration, was established in 1980 to promote the gradual economic complementation of regional economies. See Eghivar and Rua Boiero, 1991, on this topic.
22 - See Chudnovsky, Lopez and Porta, 1994, and Azpiazu and Nochteff, 1994.
23 - See Kosacoff, et.al, 1993.
24 - See Barbeito and Lo Vuolo, 1992; Muchnick, 1993.
25 - See Schwarzer's account, 1995.
26 - I accompanied economist Joan Anderson during a recent exploratory fieldwork in Cordoba and Buenos Aires. Anderson's research focuses on factors affecting efficiency and productivity in the automotive industry.
27 - cf. last note.
28 - cf. last note.
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