| Principles of hierarchy | Degree of hierarchical control | |
|---|---|---|
| weak | strong | |
| world-wide internationalization | multi-domestic company | world-wide company |
| globalization | multi-regional company | trans-regional company |
APPENDIX
Internationalization of the automobile producers
World production of passenger cars (only) in 1994
World sales of new passenger cars in 1994
| Production 1994 (output in 1000s) |
Geographic distribution of production | Geographic distribution of sales | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producers | North America | Europe | Japan | Others | North America | Europe | Japan | Others | |
| Ford | 3 959 | 54,6% | 37,1% | 8,3% | 53,3% | 35,8% | 0,2% | 10,7% | |
| Ford (& Mazda) | 4 928 | 46,6% | 29,8% | 16,7% | 7,0% | 49,3% | 32,3% | 5,5% | 12,9% |
| General Motors | 5 486 | 59,7% | 30,1% | 10,2% | 61,4% | 28,4% | 0,4% | 9,8% | |
| GM (& Isuzu) | 5 537 | 59,1% | 29,9% | 0,9% | 10,1% | 60,8% | 28,1% | 0,5% | 10,6% |
| Honda | 1 561 | 38,9% | 3,3% | 54,1% | 3,7% | 53,2% | 10,7% | 23,0% | 13,0% |
| Nissan | 2 081 | 22,0% | 9,8% | 64,5% | 3,7% | 31,7% | 18,3% | 36,5% | 13,5% |
| Toyota | 3 836 | 12,7% | 2,2% | 72,2% | 12,9% | 21,4% | 8,2% | 36,9% | 33,5% |
| V.A.G. | 2 980 | 8,2% | 71,8% | 20,1% | 9,3% | 63,3% | 1,2% | 26,2% | |
| Fiat | 2 137 | 62,7% | 37,3% | 0,1% | 60,2% | 0,2% | 39,6% | ||
| Renault | 1 613 | 86,5% | 13,5% | 0,0% | 81,0% | 0,1% | 18,9% | ||
| PSA Peugeot-Citroën | 1 798 | 98,5% | 1,5% | 0,0% | 84,9% | 0,3% | 14,7% | ||
| BMW-Rover | 1 027 | (*) | 97,8% | 2,2% | 8,7% | 75,6% | 2,9% | 12,8% | |
| Mercedes | 599 | (*) | 97,5% | 2,5% | 12,9% | 69,9% | 5,6% | 11,6% | |
(*) New plants have been opened in North America since 1994
Sources : Comité des Constructeurs Français d'Automobile, Automotive News
Geographic areas
North America: United States, Canada, Mexico (NAFTA)
Europe: European Union
Others: All countries except North America, European Union and Japan
Automobile producers
Ford: Ford, Jaguar, Aston Martin, Autolatina (Ford), AutoAlliance
(Ford)
Ford & Mazda: Ford + Mazda (Ford held 25%), AutoAlliance Mazda)
GM: General Morors., Saab, Lotus, NUMMI (Geo)
GM & Isuzu: GM + Isuzu (controled by GM, 35%)
Toyota: Toyota, NUMMI Toyota)
VAG: Audi, Seat, Volkswagen, Skoda, Autolatina (V.W.)
Fiat: Alfa, Ferrari, Fiat, Innocenti, Lancia, Maserati, Sevel (Fiat),
Tofas
Renault: Renault, F.A.S.A., Oyak, Revoz, CIADEA (ex Renault-Argentina)
PSA: Peugeot, Citroën, Sevel (Peugeot or Citroën)
BMW-Rover: BMW, Rover